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Site Map Basic Questions Normal Values << Etiology and Clinical Manifestations Assessment Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Review Case Studies Case Study 1 Case Study 2 Case Study 3 Case Study 4 Case Study 5 Case Study 6 Case Study 7 Case Study 8 Case Study 9 References Quick Reference Metabolic Acidosis Clinical Manifestations hyperkalemia: shift of acid to ICF and K+ to the ECF anorexia, nausea, and vomiting warm, flushed skin cardiac dysrhythmias & CNS dysfunction headache, diarrhea, tremors Metabolic Alkalosis Clinical Manifestations cardia dysrhythmias; seizures; confusion; muscle twitching, agitation >pH;>HC03; normal PaCo2 or elevated if compensation occurs Respiratory Acidosis Clinical Manifestations > PaCo2; HCO3 is normal or > with renal compensation vasodilatation; cardiac dysrhythmias, tachycardia, somnolence, decreased ventilation Respiratory Alkalosis Clinical Manifestations > pH; < PaC02; HCO3 normal or low due to compensation nausea, vomiting, tingling of fingers		ABG Tutorial  med-calc tutorial  current courses  links  FAQs  Normal Values :: Normal Values and Acceptable Ranges of the ABG Elements ABG Element Normal Value Range pH 7.4 7.35 to 7.45 Pa02 90mmHg 80 to 100 mmHg Sa02 93 to 100% PaC02 40mmHg 35 to 45 mmHg HC03 24mEq/L 22 to 26mEq/L Remember: Definitions Acidosis (acidemia) occurs when pH drops below 7.35 Alkalosis (alkalemia) occurs when the pH rises above 7.45 A primary respiratory problem is determined if the PaC02 is less than 35mmHg(alkalosis) or greater than 45 mmHg(acidosis). A primary metabolic problem is when the HC03 is less than 22mEq/L (acidosis) or greater than 26mEq/L(alkalosis). Next Page
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